Description
MicrocystinLRisacyclicheptapeptideinitiallyproducedbyspeciesofcyanobacteriaMicrocystis.MicrocystinLRexhibitscytotoxic,pro-oxidative,andcarcinogenicproperties.MicrocystinLRisparticularlytoxictotheliver,increasingcytochromecreleaseandexpressionofBaxandcaspases3,8,and9;microcystinLRalsodecreasesexpressionofBcl-2.Intesticularcells,thistoxinincreasesexpressionofc-KITandinducesapoptosis,causingadecreaseintubulardiameterandtestesweight.Thiscompoundalsoinducescytoskeletalreorganization,increasingphosphorylationofVASPandtauandalsoincreasingdissociationoftaufromtheCytoskeleton.Invitro,microcystinLRinhibitsproteinphosphatases1(PP1)and2A(PP2A)andinducesoxidativedamagebyincreasinglevelsofROSandmalondialdehydeanddecreasinglevelsofglutathioneandglutathioneperoxidase.MicrocystinLRalsoproducescognitivedeficitinvivo,potentiallythroughactivationofglycogensynthasekinase-3β(GSK-3β).ThiscompoundalsoactivatesNrf2incancercells.
References
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