Description
Chondroitinsulfate(CS)isapolyanionicsulfatedglycosaminoglycanthatdisplaysanti-arthritic,antioxidative,andanti-inflammatoryactivities.CSisanendogenouscomponentoftheextracellularmatrixofconnectivetissuesandisresponsIBLefortheirresistanceandelasticity.CSisoftenusedasadietarysupplement,althoughitsoralbioavailABIlityisquitelow(10-20%).Invivo,CSdecreasessynovitisandlevelsofIL-6,TNF-α,IL-1β,andmyeloperoxidase.CSmayactontoll-likereceptor4(TLR4),preventingactivationofNF-κBandinhibitingTNFreceptorassociationfactor6(TRAF6).Incellularandanimalmodels,CSincreasessynthesisofcollagen,proteoglycan,andhyaluronicacid;italsodownregulatesexpressionofmatrixmetalloproteinases1,3,and13.Invitro,CSincreaseslevelsofglutathioneandsuperoxidedismutaseandinhibitsactivationofcaspases3and7,decreasinglevelsofROS.