Description
D-LimoneneisaterpenefoundintherindofvariousspeciesofCitrus.D-Limoneneiscommerciallyusedasaflavorant,odorant,cleaningsolvent,andinsecticide;itexhibitsanti-inflammatory,antioxidative,hepatoprotective,anti-diabetic,anti-obesity,immunosuppressive,anticancerchemotherapeutic,chemopreventive,anti-metastatic,andanti-angiogenicactivities.D-Limoneneinhibitscellgrowth,inducesmitochondria-dependentapoptosis,andcausescellcyclearrestingastriccarcinomacells.Inotherinvitromodels,D-limoneneinhibitsVEGF,tubeformation,andmetastasis.Additionally,thiscompounddecreasesDMBA-inducedtumorformationandtumorburden,potentiallythroughdecreasingRas,Raf,andphosphorylatedERK1/2levels.Inotheranimalmodels,D-limoneneinducesphaseIIenzymeexpression,increasinglevelsofglutathione;italsodecreaseslevelsofKIM-1,Bun,creatinine,NO,iNOS,COX,andNF-κB,limitingdoxycycline-inducedrenaldamage.ThiscompoundalsodecreasesADIpocytesizeandlevelsofbloodglucose,LDL,andtriglycerides,increaseslevelsofHDL,activatesPPARαsignaling,andsuppressesLXR-βsignalinginvivo.D-LimoneneinhibitscytokineproductionbyCD4+andCD8+TcellsandinducesTcelldeathathighdoses.