Description
12-Methyl Gymnodimine is a methyl-substituted cyclic imine marine toxin initially produced by species of the dinoflagellate Karenia. Gymnodimine is a fast-acting shellfish poison that inhibits a variety of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) such as α7, α4β2, and α3β4. Gymnodimine inhibits nAChRs in skeletal muscle, producing neuromuscular block, and in neurons, decreasing action potential duration. In neurons, gymnodimine decreases accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and phosphorylation of tau, decreasing neurotoxicity and displaying potential benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
References
Marrouchi R, Rome G, Kharrat R, et al. Analysis of the action of gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C on the mouse neuromuscular system in vivo. Toxicon. 2013 Dec 1;75:27-34. PMID: 23954513.
Hauser TA, Hepler CD, Kombo DC, et al. Comparison of acetylcholine receptor interactions of the marine toxins, 13-desmethylspirolide C and gymnodimine. Neuropharmacology. 2012 Jun;62(7):2239-50. PMID: 22306792.
Otero A, Chapela MJ, Atanassova M, et al. Cyclic imines: chemistry and mechanism of action: a review. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Nov 21;24(11):1817-29. PMID: 21739960.
Alonso E, Vale C, Vieytes MR, et al. The cholinergic antagonist gymnodimine improves Aβ and tau neuropathology in an in vitro model of Alzheimer disease. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;27(6):783-94. PMID: 21691095.
Dragunow M, Trzoss M, Brimble MA, et al. Investigations into the cellular actions of the shellfish toxin gymnodimine and analogues. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2005 Sep;20(2):305-12. PMID: 21783605.
