Description
Exendin-4isananalogofglucagon-likepeptide1(GLP-1);itactsasanagoNISTatGLP-1receptors.Exendin-4exhibitscardioprotective,anti-inflammatory,andantioxidativeactivities.Inmesangialcells,exendin-4increasesphosphorylationofAMPKanddecreasesphosphorylationofERK,inhibitingfibronectinsecretionandcellproliferation.Inanimalmodelsofcardiacischemia/reperfusion,exendin-4decreaseslevelsofhigh-mobilitygroupbox1(HMGB1),lactatedehydrogenase(LDH),creatinekinase,andmalondialdehyde(MDA)andpreventsdecreasesinsuperoxidedismutase(SOD)levels,decreasinginfarctsize.Additionally,thiscompoundinhibitsox-LDL-inducedmigrationofmacrophages,increasesinmatrixmetalloproteinase-9(MMP9),andactivationofNF-κBinvitro.Inothercellularmodels,exendin-4suppressesincreasesinROS,activationofcaspases,andreleaseofcytochromec,preventingoxidativedamageandmitochondria-mediatedapoptosis.Exendin-4wasoriginallyfoundinHelodermalizards.LikeotherGLP-1agonists,thiscompoundmayexhibitanti-diabeticactivity.