Description
GinsenosideRdisatriterpenesaponinoriginallyfoundinspeciesofPanaxthatexhibitsantioxidative,anti-inflammatory,neuroprotective,anticancer,anti-metastatic,cardioprotective,andimmunomodulatoryactivities.GinsenosideRdregulatessecretionofIFNγandIL-4,shiftscytokineproductiontowardTh4phenotype,andincreasesexpressionofBDNFandNGFinanimalmodelsofexperimentalautoimmuneencephalitis(EAE).Inotheranimalmodels,ginsenosideRdpreventspawedemabydecreasingmyeloperoxidaseactivityandmalondialdehydelevels,increasingexpressionofsuperoxidedismutase,glutathioneperoxidase,andcatalase,andinhibitingexpressionofNO,PGE2,iNOS,COX-2,andNF-κB.GinsenosideRddecreasesinfarctsize,cellapoptosis,andlevelsofcreatinekinaseandlactatedehydrogenaseinanimalmodelsofmyocardialischemia/reperfusion.Thiscompoundalsopreventsphosphorylationoftauinanimalmodelsbydecreasingamyloid-β(Aβ)-inducedexpressionandactivityofGSK-3βandstimulatingactivityofproteinphosphatase2A(PP2A).Inhepatocellularcarcinomacells,ginsenosideRdinhibitsinvasionandmigrationbydecreasingexpressionofmatrixmetalloproteinases1,2,and7(MMP1/2/7)andpreventingactivationofERK,p38MAPK,andAP-1.Additionally,ginsenosideRdinhibitsthe26Sproteasomeandtransientreceptorpotentialmelastatin-like7(TRPM7)channels,inhibitingproliferationofbreastcancerandgastriccancercells.