Description
Nomilin is a limonoid/triterpenoid found in citrus fruits that exhibits anti-parasitic, antiviral, anticancer, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and antiviral activities. Nomilin prevents growth of Aedes and suppresses replication of HIV-1 by inhibiting HIV-1 protease. In animal models, nomilin induces phase II enzymes by increasing expression of glutathione-S-transferase and NADPH:Quinone reductase. In animals fed high fat diets, nomilin activates GR5, increases glucose tolerance, and decreases body weight, glucose levels, and insulin levels. In vivo, nomilin increases white blood cell counts and antibody titers but suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. In vitro, this compound inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation and decreases levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, NO, and GM-CSF. Additionally, nomilin also inhibits aromatase and cellular proliferation in breast cancer cells.
References
Sato R. Nomilin as an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic agent. Vitam Horm. 2013;91:425-39. PMID: 23374727.
Kim J, Jayaprakasha GK, Patil BS. Limonoids and their anti-proliferative and anti-aromatase properties in human breast cancer cells. Food Funct. 2013 Feb;4(2):258-65. PMID: 23117440.
Pratheeshkumar P, Kuttan G. Nomilin inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF, NO and proinflammatory cytokine profile and also by inhibiting the activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 15;668(3):450-8. PMID: 21839074.
Ono E, Inoue J, Hashidume T, et al. Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of the dietary citrus limonoid nomilin in mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jul 8;410(3):677-81. PMID: 21693102.
Perez JL, Jayaprakasha GK, Cadena A, et al. In vivo induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, glutathione transferase and quinone reductase by citrus triterpenoids. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Sep 17;10:51. PMID: 20846448.
Battinelli L, Mengoni F, Lichtner M, et al. Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells. Planta Med. 2003 Oct;69(10):910-3. PMID: 14648393.
Raphael TJ, Kuttan G. Effect of naturally occurring triterpenoids glycyrrhizic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and nomilin on the immune system. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):483-9. PMID: 13678231.
