Description
GPR is a homolog of the fibrinogen E domain that exhibits antithrombotic and neuroprotective activities. GPR is a tripeptide originally found in species of Amaranthus; it inhibits fibrin assembly. In vitro, GPR and ferrocene conjugates of GPR inhibit formation of amyloid-β (Aβ 1-42) fibrils and degrade previously formed fibrils. In other cellular models, GPR inhibits Aβ-induced increases in lactate hydrogenase, activation of caspase 3, and activation of p53/NF-κB, preventing neuronal apoptosis.
References
Montoya-Rodríguez A, de Mejía EG, Dia VP, et al. Extrusion improved the anti-inflammatory effect of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) hydrolysates in LPS-induced human THP-1 macrophage-like and mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages by preventing activation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 24431078.
Zhou B, Li CL, Hao YQ, et al. Ferrocene tripeptide Gly-Pro-Arg conjugates: synthesis and inhibitory effects on Alzheimer's Aβ(1-42) fibrillogenesis and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013 Jan 15;21(2):395-402. PMID: 23245572.
Ioudina M, Uemura E. A three amino acid peptide, Gly-Pro-Arg, protects and rescues cell death induced by amyloid beta-peptide. Exp Neurol. 2003 Dec;184(2):923-9. PMID: 14769384.
Lorand L, Parameswaran KN, Murthy SN. A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of gamma chains by factor XIIIa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jan 20;95(2):537-41. PMID: 9435227.
Nonaka I, Katsuda S, Ohmori T, et al. In vitro and in vivo anti-platelet effects of enzymatic hydrolysates of collagen and collagen-related peptides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1997 May;61(5):772-5. PMID: 9178551.
