Description
Guggulsteroneisaplantsteroidobtainedfrommyrrhthatexhibitsawidevarietyofbeneficialproperties,includinganti-metastatic,anticancer,anti-angiogenic,anti-fibrotic,antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,andanti-hyperlipidemicactivities.Invitro,guggulsteroneincreasesactivationofcaspase3,decreasesexpressionofmatrixmetalloproteinase9(MMP9),cyclinD1,Bcl-2,xlAP,andmucinMUC4,inhibitsFAK,Src,andJAK/STATsignaling,anddisruptscytoskeletalorganization;together,thisresultsinapoptosisandinhibitionofgrowthandcolonyformationofpancreaticcancercells.Incoloncancercells,thiscompoundinhibitsexpressionofVEGF,ARNT,andSTAT3anddecreasesactivityofmatrixmetalloproteinases2and9(MMP2/9),inducingapoptosis.GuggulsteronealsoincreasesapoptosisinhepaticstellatecellsthroughinhibitionofNF-κBactivation,suggestingpotentialbenefitasatreatmentforchronicliverdisease.Guggulsteronealsoexhibitscardioprotectivebenefits,inhibitingdoxorubicin-inducedtoxicityincardiomyocytes;guggulsteronedecreasesactivityofROS,malondialdehyde,andcaspase3,andalsoreversesdoxorubicin-inducedchangesinpoly(ADP)-ribosepolymerase(PARP)cleavage,caspaseexpression,Bcl-2/Baxratio,andcytochromecrelease.Additionally,guggulsteroneincreaseshemeoxygenase1(HO-1)expressionandNrf2activity,potentiallythroughmodulationofphosphateandtensinhomolog(PTEN),invitro.Inothercellularmodels,guggulsteroneinhibitslipopolysaccharide-inducedincreasesinCOX-2andTNF-αaswellasdecreasesinIκBkinase-α.Incellularandanimalmodels,guggulsteroneinhibitspreADIpocytedifferentiationandincreaseslipolysisofmatureadipocytes.GuggulsteronealsoinhibitsthefarnesoidXreceptor(FXR).