Description
MetforminisanAMPKactivatorthatexhibitsanti-diabetic,antihyperglycemic,antioxidative,immunosuppressive,anticancerchemotherapeutic,anti-metastatic,andchemopreventiveactivities.Metforminmodulatesglucose-6-phosphataseactivity,decreasingglucoseproductionandglycogenolysis.Additionally,itinhibitsexpressionofTNF-αintheliver,reversingpathologyoffattyliverdiseaseinvivo.Inpodocytes,metformindecreasesactivityofNADPHoxidaseandgenerationoffreerADIcals.Inotherinvitromodels,metformininhibitsexpressionofMHCmoleculesandco-stimulatoryfactorsondendriticcells,preventingantigenpresentation.Acrossseveralhepatocellularcarcinomacelllines,metformindecreasesexpressionofcyclinD1,cyclinE,andCDK4,inducingG0/G1phasecellcyclearrestandinhibitingcellproliferation.Invivo,thiscompoundalsodownregulatesexpressionofc-myc,preventingneoplasiainitiationinprostatecancermodels.Metformin’sactivationofAMPKalsoinhibitsShhsignalinginbreastcancermodels,suppressingproliferation,migration,andinvasion.