Description
PatulinisamycotoxininitiallyproducedbyspeciesofPenicillumandAspergillusthatiscommonlyfoundasacontaminantinapplesandappleproducts.Inkeratinocytes,patulinincreasesphosphorylationofEGFR,activatesRas/MAPK/Aktsignaling,activatesNF-κB,andincreasesexpressionofcyclinD1andCOX-2,increasingcellproliferation.Patulinexhibitsgenotoxicandanticanceractivitiesinavarietyofcellularmodels.PatulininducesDNAdamagethroughtheformationofcrosslinks.Patulinalsoactivatescleavageofpoly(ADP)-ribosepolymerase(PARP),increasesphosphorylationofEGR-1,andactivatescaspase3,resultinginROS-dependentapoptosisincolorectalcancercellsandleukemiacells.Additionally,patulindecreasestransepithelialresistance,alteringintestinalepithelialbarrierfunction;thismechanisminvolvesinactivationofproteintyrosinephosphatase.
References
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