Description
Clenbuterol is an agonist at β2-adrenergic receptors. Clenbuterol exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities; it is also known for its ability to decrease adipose cell size and increase muscle fiber size. In vitro, clenbuterol upregulates histone demethylase JHDM2a through modulation of PKA/cAMP signaling. In vivo, this compound increases IGF signaling to induce hypertrophy in skeletal muscle. Additionally, clenbuterol inhibits kainic acid-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, decreasing expression of inflammatory cytokines and increasing expression of BDNF and NGF in other animal models.
References
Li Y, He J, Sui S, et al. Clenbuterol upregulates histone demethylase JHDM2a via the β2-adrenoceptor/cAMP/PKA/p-CREB signaling pathway. Cell Signal. 2012 Dec;24(12):2297-306. PMID: 22820505.
Abo T, Iida RH, Kaneko S, et al. IGF and myostatin pathways are respectively induced during the earlier and the later stages of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by clenbuterol, a β2-adrenergic agonist. Cell Biochem Funct. 2012 Dec;30(8):671-6. PMID: 22696074.
Gleeson LC, Ryan KJ, Griffin EW, et al. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol elicits neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic actions in the kainic acid model of excitotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Nov;24(8):1354-61. PMID: 20599496.
